En la actualidad, uno de los objetivos importantes en el diseño de ingeniería MEP para los ingenieros de diseño de HVAC es mejorar la eficiencia energética, mantener la calidad del aire y el confort térmico. La eficiencia energética, la calidad del aire y la comodidad en un edificio dependen de cómo se diseñen los sistemas de calefacción, refrigeración y distribución de aire y aquí es donde el diseño cuidadoso de los conductos juega un papel importante. El diseño del sistema de conductos y HVAC es importante ya que garantiza la calidad del aire interior, el confort térmico y la ventilación. Si el sistema HVAC y los conductos no están diseñados con precisión, podría provocar una mala calidad del aire, pérdida de calor y hacer que el espacio acondicionado del edificio sea incómodo.

La función principal del sistema de diseño de conductos es garantizar que se proporcione un canal menos molesto a través del cual pueda viajar el aire frío y caliente. Cuando se diseñan con precisión, los sistemas de distribución de aire HVAC desempeñarán un papel importante para contrarrestar las pérdidas de energía térmica, mantener la calidad del aire interior (IAQ) y brindar confort térmico.

Para comprender cómo se pueden diseñar los conductos de manera rentable y eficiente, este artículo decodifica el diseño de los conductos y proporciona una breve descripción del proceso de diseño, los métodos y las normas.

¿Qué es Ductwork?

El principio básico del diseño de conductos es calentar, enfriar o ventilar un edificio de la manera más eficiente y rentable. La función principal de los conductos es diseñar conductos o pasajes que permitan el flujo de aire para proporcionar calefacción, refrigeración, ventilación y aire acondicionado (HVAC).

En el proceso de diseño de conductos, se deben comprender los conceptos básicos del flujo de aire. El aire de retorno ingresa a una unidad de manejo de aire (AHU), a través de un filtro y al soplador y, con presión, pasa a través del serpentín A o intercambiador de calor y luego sale al sistema de suministro de aire. Si la red de conductos está diseñada correctamente, permite que la AHU produzca la cantidad correcta de aire a través del intercambiador de calor. En un sistema típico de distribución de aire, los conductos deben adaptarse al flujo de aire de suministro, retorno y escape. Los conductos de suministro proporcionan el aire necesario para el aire acondicionado y la ventilación, los conductos de retorno proporcionan aire regulado para mantener la IAQ y la temperatura y los sistemas de flujo de aire de escape proporcionan ventilación.

Para que el diseño de conductos sea eficiente, los equipos de diseño de ingeniería de MEP deben tener diseñadores con experiencia en ingeniería y mecánica. Los especialistas en diseño de conductos o los ingenieros de servicios de construcción también deben poseer un conocimiento profundo de otras disciplinas, como los conceptos arquitectónicos, civiles y estructurales, para garantizar que los sistemas HVAC estén libres de conflictos.

El proceso de diseño de conductos

El proceso de diseño del sistema de conductos es simple, siempre que se mencionen claramente las especificaciones y se proporcionen los datos sobre la aplicación, la actividad, la orientación del edificio y el material de construcción. En función de la información proporcionada, se pueden completar los cálculos para crear un diseño eficiente en el consumo de energía y sin choques. Por lo general, los sistemas de aire acondicionado y distribución están diseñados para cumplir con tres requisitos principales, tales como:

• Debe entregar flujo de aire a tasas y velocidades específicas a las ubicaciones estipuladas.

• Debe ser energéticamente eficiente y rentable.

• Debe proporcionar comodidad y no generar molestias ni ruidos molestos.

El proceso de diseño de conductos comienza una vez que el cliente o los consultores MEP proporcionan los diseños arquitectónicos y los planos de diseño de interiores. Luego, los ingenieros de servicio de edificios requieren requisitos de especificación como la aplicación, el número de personas, la orientación del edificio y las características arquitectónicas para realizar cálculos sobre la carga de calor y el flujo de aire. Antes de realizar cualquier cálculo, se redactan dibujos de una sola línea para mostrar el flujo de los conductos en el edificio. Una vez aprobados, se realizan los cálculos de carga de calor y flujo de aire. Una vez que se completan los cálculos de la carga de calor, se conocen las tasas de flujo de aire que se requieren y se fijan las salidas de aire. Con los cálculos, las especificaciones y el diseño, se diseña el diseño del sistema de ductos teniendo en cuenta los detalles arquitectónicos y estructurales del espacio acondicionado y los conflictos con otros servicios del edificio, como los servicios eléctricos, de plomería (hidráulicos) y mecánicos.

Para iniciar el proceso de diseño de ductos, se requieren entradas con respecto a los detalles sobre el tipo de aplicación, los requisitos de especificación, la orientación del edificio, las características arquitectónicas y el material.

• Aplicación tipica – El diseño de los conductos variará según el tipo de aplicación para la que se utilizará el edificio, como fabricación, centros de datos, aplicaciones médicas, investigación científica y aplicaciones de confort como restaurantes, oficinas, residencias, edificios institucionales como escuelas y universidades.

• Requisito de especificación – Para crear un diseño de conducto eficiente, los diseñadores necesitan saber qué tipo de actividad se llevará a cabo y la cantidad promedio de personas que usarán el espacio acondicionado. Esto ayudará a calcular el flujo de aire, la velocidad y la carga de calor necesarios para mantener las temperaturas y la IAQ. En aplicaciones de confort, por ejemplo, una oficina o un restaurante requerirán un diseño de conducto y una velocidad del aire diferentes a los de una residencia.

• Orientación y material del edificio – La orientación del edificio y el material utilizado juegan un papel clave en la medición de la absorción de calor, lo que ayudará a determinar los requisitos de refrigeración y ventilación. En función de si un edificio está orientado al norte, sur, este u oeste, y dónde se encuentra geográficamente, se puede calcular la absorción de calor. El tipo de material utilizado para la construcción también afecta la cantidad de ganancia y pérdida de calor del edificio.

Los desafíos de las entradas incompletas o la falta de disponibilidad de las entradas requeridas se analizan en un próximo artículo sobre Desafíos y recomendaciones de diseño de conductos.

Métodos de diseño de conductos

Los métodos de diseño de conductos generalmente se determinan en función del costo, los requisitos, las especificaciones y los estándares de eficiencia energética. En función de la carga del conducto por la presión del aire, los sistemas de conductos se pueden clasificar normalmente en sistemas de alta velocidad, velocidad media y baja velocidad. Hay tres métodos comúnmente utilizados para el diseño de conductos:

1. Método de velocidad constante – Este método, diseñado para mantener la velocidad mínima, es una de las formas más sencillas de diseñar sistemas de conductos para conductos de aire de suministro y retorno. Sin embargo, se requiere experiencia para usar este método, ya que la selección incorrecta de velocidades, tamaños de conductos y elección de accesorios podría aumentar el costo. Además, para mantener la misma tasa de caída de presión en los conductos, este método requiere el cierre parcial de las compuertas en los conductos (excepto en el índice), lo que podría afectar la eficiencia.

2. Método de igual fricción – Este método convencional utilizado tanto para los conductos de suministro como de retorno mantiene la misma caída de presión por fricción en los conductos principales y secundarios. Este método asegura la disipación de las caídas de presión como fricción en los conductos en lugar de equilibrar los amortiguadores. Sin embargo, al igual que el método de velocidad, se requiere el cierre parcial de los amortiguadores y esto podría generar ruido.

3. Método de recuperación estática – Este método comúnmente utilizado para grandes sistemas de suministro con conductos largos es un sistema de alta velocidad que mantiene una presión estática constante antes de cada ramal o terminal. Si bien este es un sistema equilibrado, ya que no implica amortiguación, los conductos más largos pueden afectar la distribución del aire a los espacios acondicionados.

Si bien los diferentes métodos de diseño de conductos utilizados varían de una aplicación a otra, es necesario considerar el rendimieand money (there were just thousands of teddy bears) will come from all over the world: a quilt from a private girls’ school in Calcutta, cards handmade by children in Ghana, a mural handmade by children in a school in Darwin, Australia… the gifts will keep on coming. One day the school will have to decide something that will cause great consternation: the decision to “focus our attention on the living”. No one will know what to do with all the gifts. Do you make a permanent memorial? Do we store them? Can’t we get rid of them properly? what do we do? The day will come when the school, not the families, will have no choice but to move forward, and there will be great discussions about the timing of this adjustment…the Superintendent will be severely judged for the decision to move forward.

3. Funerals will be harrowing enough… but cemeteries will present a surreal scene of untold sorrow. There will be Christmas trees with lights powered by a generator and gifts under the tree (because the child will need something to play with in heaven) and stockings hung on tombstones and Christmas carols playing on some electronic device. Some people will have life-size cutouts of their child standing near the Christmas tree in the house. I saw this. It was devastating and it still is today for me.

4. Siblings will become very angry with their parents, who rightfully never get over the death of a child, leaving the sibling feeling less loved and abandoned.

5. Many families will start a fund in their children’s names with all good intentions. However, large sums of money will come from all corners of the world and there will be endless evening meetings trying to come to some agreement on what to do with all the money with the now angry and still grieving parents.

6. Eventually another disaster will happen like it happened with us where I was talking to Wolf Blitzer one day and all the sat-link trucks and black limousines carrying TV news celebrities were gone the next when a hand-made nail bomb went off in the Atlanta Olympics. . Suddenly, we were no longer there from a news standpoint… which should have been, on the surface, good news, but then we were really on our own.

These are just some of the horrible things that will happen as these consequences unfold. Here are some things, which we came up with on the spur of the moment, that worked for us…

1. Volunteers will come from everywhere…don’t turn them away…you help them and yourself if you can invent something for them to do where there is no work…people need to be around other people in a tragedy . We had guidance counselors, teachers, ministers, and soldiers, and just plain moms, dads, grandparents, and students who showed up from everywhere. We gave everyone something to do…some elders were making balls of tape to help hang up the emails….

2. Religious people of all faiths will come…leave a reflection space for all faiths…for us Jehovah’s Witnesses were the most helpful as they organized and hung each email on the wall and took care of daily from the thousands of live plants and flowers that were sent to our school from far and wide as will happen in Newtown. Do not exclude anyone… allow all religions to leave literature in a quiet and respectful place. Keep in touch with the local minister, usually made up of all the clerics in the city…they can help spread messages to their respective flocks and help in a variety of ways.

3. Hire a company that deals with setting up trust funds and major donations. This will take long hours and school officials have schools to run and their whole lives will be spent doing things they have no experience with…these people need to do their best to live. logical thinking required in such meetings.

4. The school must respect mental health professionals and grievance counselors, but someone must be in charge of these people and the Superintendent and administrators must never forget that they are in charge of the building and not the mental health professionals . Madam Superintendent, try not to hand over control of the building to people who lack that kind of experience, just as you lack the experience to give advice. It is not an exaggeration, in my experience, to say that sometimes the comfort dogs that were brought in often brought more instant relief to bereaved people.

5. School Board members should be reminded that they are citizens like everyone else, unless they meet as a body and vote for something as a group. Individual Board members will walk into the school, each with their own agenda for how things should work…a strong superintendent has to stay in control of this or chaos will ensue with everyone giving conflicting instructions and coming up with creative ideas but contradictory. individual board members should take orders, not give them in this environment.

6. Kids are much more resilient than we think… at one point in the fall, a group of students said… “This isn’t another special program for us poor, downtrodden students of Montoursville, is it? In other words, they were ready to move on even though the adults wanted to “help” them a bit more… talk to students about when they’ve had enough “help”—they always know.

7. Adults will deny that they need advice thinking that only children need help from professionals. Making teachers take a week’s vacation using substitute teachers in some organized way…they have to go away for a while whether they admit it or not…I still cry from all these tragedies for the thoughts that come back to me. I was the tough guy who was supposed to be in charge… paying attention to the needs of the adults, we didn’t do that enough.

These are just a few thoughts from someone who had to deal with the aftermath of the disaster… not all TV spokespeople know what they’re talking about. They never had to deal with something like this.

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I was the high school principal in Montourville, Pennsylvania, when TWA Flight 800 exploded off Long Island in July 1996. The recent tragedy in Connecticut, like the other school tragedies we have witnessed, always brings thoughts not only about the disaster itself, but about the tragedy that follows such a disaster. In 1996, our school lost 16 students and 5 adults. In the weeks and months that followed, some of the following events occurred that no school can prepare for and usually have to “make up” as they go. Some suggestions for managing this are included.

1. The medical examiner must positively identify each victim. The parents will not be able to see their child again, so dental records and DNA samples will be required. Think of what it would have been like to be at the firehouse last Friday in Connecticut when the parents heard the news about their son.

2. Gifts and money (there were just thousands of teddy bears) will come from all over the world: a quilt from a private girls’ school in Calcutta, cards handmade by children in Ghana, a mural handmade by children in a school in Darwin, Australia… the gifts will keep on coming. One day the school will have to decide something that will cause great consternation: the decision to “focus our attention on the living”. No one will know what to do with all the gifts. Do you make a permanent memorial? Do we store them? Can’t we get rid of them properly? what do we do? The day will come when the school, not the families, will have no choice but to move forward, and there will be great discussions about the timing of this adjustment…the Superintendent will be severely judged for the decision to move forward.

3. Funerals will be harrowing enough… but cemeteries will present a surreal scene of untold sorrow. There will be Christmas trees with lights powered by a generator and gifts under the tree (because the child will need something to play with in heaven) and stockings hung on tombstones and Christmas carols playing on some electronic device. Some people will have life-size cutouts of their child standing near the Christmas tree in the house. I saw this. It was devastating and it still is today for me.

4. Siblings will become very angry with their parents, who rightfully never get over the death of a child, leaving the sibling feeling less loved and abandoned.

5. Many families will start a fund in their children’s names with all good intentions. However, large sums of money will come from all corners of the world and there will be endless evening meetings trying to come to some agreement on what to do with all the money with the now angry and still grieving parents.

6. Eventually another disaster will happen like it happened with us where I was talking to Wolf Blitzer one day and all the sat-link trucks and black limousines carrying TV news celebrities were gone the next when a hand-made nail bomb went off in the Atlanta Olympics. . Suddenly, we were no longer there from a news standpoint… which should have been, on the surface, good news, but then we were really on our own.

These are just some of the horrible things that will happen as these consequences unfold. Here are some things, which we came up with on the spur of the moment, that worked for us…

1. Volunteers will come from everywhere…don’t turn them away…you help them and yourself if you can invent something for them to do where there is no work…people need to be around other people in a tragedy . We had guidance counselors, teachers, ministers, and soldiers, and just plain moms, dads, grandparents, and students who showed up from everywhere. We gave everyone something to do…some elders were making balls of tape to help hang up the emails….

2. Religious people of all faiths will come…leave a reflection space for all faiths…for us Jehovah’s Witnesses were the most helpful as they organized and hung each email on the wall and took care of daily from the thousands of live plants and flowers that were sent to our school from far and wide as will happen in Newtown. Do not exclude anyone… allow all religions to leave literature in a quiet and respectful place. Keep in touch with the local minister, usually made up of all the clerics in the city…they can help spread messages to their respective flocks and help in a variety of ways.

3. Hire a company that deals with setting up trust funds and major donations. This will take long hours and school officials have schools to run and their whole lives will be spent doing things they have no experience with…these people need to do their best to live. logical thinking required in such meetings.

4. The school must respect mental health professionals and grievance counselors, but someone must be in charge of these people and the Superintendent and administrators must never forget that they are in charge of the building and not the mental health professionals . Madam Superintendent, try not to hand over control of the building to people who lack that kind of experience, just as you lack the experience to give advice. It is not an exaggeration, in my experience, to say that sometimes the comfort dogs that were brought in often brought more instant relief to bereaved people.

5. School Board members should be reminded that they are citizens like everyone else, unless they meet as a body and vote for something as a group. Individual Board members will walk into the school, each with their own agenda for how things should work…a strong superintendent has to stay in control of this or chaos will ensue with everyone giving conflicting instructions and coming up with creative ideas but contradictory. individual board members should take orders, not give them in this environment.

6. Kids are much more resilient than we think… at one point in the fall, a group of students said… “This isn’t another special program for us poor, downtrodden students of Montoursville, is it? In other words, they were ready to move on even though the adults wanted to “help” them a bit more… talk to students about when they’ve had enough “help”—they always know.

7. Adults will deny that they need advice thinking that only children need help from professionals. Making teachers take a week’s vacation using substitute teachers in some organized way…they have to go away for a while whether they admit it or not…I still cry from all these tragedies for the thoughts that come back to me. I was the tough guy who was supposed to be in charge… paying attention to the needs of the adults, we didn’t do that enough.

These are just a few thoughts from someone who had to deal with the aftermath of the disaster… not all TV spokespeople know what they’re talking about. They never had to deal with something like this.

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Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *